In this blog post, based on Aristotle’s virtue ethics, we will examine whether the path to happiness is rational knowledge or practical action.
According to Aristotle, the ultimate purpose of life is “happiness,” and humans must follow “virtue” in order to achieve happiness. Here, “virtue” refers to the excellent exercise of human-specific functions. He believed that the unique function of humans, which cannot be found in animals or plants, lies in the activity of reason. Therefore, according to him, human happiness lies in “excellence” in the activity of reason, that is, excellence in reasoning and inference, which are the original functions of reason, as well as excellence in the ability to follow the commands of reason in the irrational part.
Aristotle called excellence in reasoning and inference “intellectual virtue,” which he believed could be cultivated through long education and theoretical inquiry. Intellectual virtue enables us to seek and understand the truth and make correct judgments. This process promotes personal growth and ultimately contributes to the formation of a better society. On the other hand, excellence in the ability to follow the commands of reason despite irrational emotions and desires is called “virtue of character.” According to Aristotle, virtue of character is cultivated through constant practice. Therefore, humans must strive to choose what is good in accordance with the commands of reason in their desires, emotions, and actions.
According to Aristotle, the virtue of character is “moderation.” Moderation means the extreme of appropriateness, or the optimal state, in desires, emotions, and actions, without excess or deficiency. This moderation can vary depending on the time, situation, object, motive, purpose, and method. Therefore, moderation is a relative midpoint that is not the same for everyone. As such, moderation varies depending on each case, and it is necessary to have the insight to accurately see each case. This insight is cultivated through experience and learning, which is why individuals must continuously mature through self-reflection and learning.
“Practical wisdom” is one of the virtues of intelligence, which allows us to know what is good and bad for humans and what moderation is in specific situations. Therefore, practical wisdom is essential for developing good character. The process of choosing and deciding what desires and emotions we should have and how we should act in accordance with the rational command of practical wisdom is called “careful consideration.” Through careful consideration, we can achieve moderation in our desires, emotions, and actions. Practical wisdom is not simply the accumulation of knowledge, but a combination of judgment and action based on that knowledge.
Aristotle warns that following the virtues that are the foundation of happiness is not possible through knowledge alone, and emphasizes the importance of actually doing rather than just knowing. In other words, it is through practicing virtuous behavior that we become virtuous. We become just by acting justly, and we become courageous by acting courageously. Such practices not only strengthen individual virtue, but also contribute to raising the moral level of society as a whole.
Aristotle’s virtue ethics is still relevant in modern society. His teachings are not merely ancient philosophy, but provide deep insights into today’s ethical issues and human relationships. His philosophy, which emphasizes rational activity and practical wisdom, provides guidelines that are still valid for us to become better human beings and create a better world. His teachings suggest that human happiness and moral maturity are still goals worth pursuing.
